Wieliczka Salt Mine

Deep underground in Poland lies something remarkable but little known outside Eastern Europe. For centuries, miners have extracted salt there, but left behind things quite startling and unique. Take a look at the most unusual salt mine in the world. Seems pretty unimpressive from the outside, doesn't it?

The Wieliczka mine is often referred to as "the Underground Salt Cathedral of Poland." Visitors to this site have included Nicolaus Copernicus, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Alexander von Humboldt, Fryderyk Chopin, Dmitri Mendeleyev, Bolesław Prus, Ignacy Paderewski, Robert Baden-Powell, Jacob Bronowski (who filmed segments of The Ascent of Man in the mine), Karol Wojtyła (the later Pope John Paul II), former U.S. President Bill Clinton, and many others. Take a look at the pictures - it's no wonder so many people want to experience it.


From the outside, Wieliczka Salt Mine doesn't look extraordinary. It looks extremely well kept for a place that hasn't mined any salt for over ten years; but, apart from that there is absolutely no clue about the fairy land that exists below. Over 200m (656') below ground it holds a testimony to man's creative abilities. This is the salt mine that became an art gallery, cathedral and underground lake.



Situated in the Krakow area, Wieliczka is a small town of close to 20,000 inhabitants. It was founded in the 12th century by a local Duke to mine the rich deposits of salt that lie beneath.

Until 1996 it did just that but the generations of miners did more than just extract. They left behind them a breathtaking record of their time underground in the shape of statues of mythic, historical and religious figures. They even created their own chapels in which to pray. Perhaps their most astonishing legacy is the huge underground cathedral they left behind for posterity.



It may feel like you are in the middle of a Jules Verne adventure as you descend into the depths of the world. After a 150 m (492') climb down wooden stairs the visitor to the salt mine will see some amazing sights. About the most astounding in terms of its sheer size and audacity is the Chapel of Saint Kinga. The Polish people have for many centuries been devout Catholics and this was more than just a long-term hobby to relieve the boredom of being underground. This was an act of worship.



Amazingly, even the chandeliers in the cathedral are made of salt. It was not simply hewn from the ground and then thrown together; however, the process is rather more painstaking for the lighting. After extraction the rock salt was first of all dissolved. It was then reconstituted with the impurities taken out so that it achieved a glass-like finish. The chandeliers are what many visitors think the rest of the cavernous mine will be like as they have a picture in their minds of salt as they would sprinkle on their meals! However, the rock salt occurs naturally in different shades of grey (something like you would expect granite to look like).



Still, that doesn't stop well over one million visitors (mainly from Poland and its eastern European neighbors) from visiting the mine to see, amongst other things, how salt was mined in the past.


For safety reasons less than 1% of the mine is open to visitors, but even that is still almost four kilometers in length - more than enough to weary the average tourist after an hour or two.

The mine was closed for two reasons - the low price of salt on the world market made it too expensive to extract here. Also, the mine was slowly flooding - another reason why visitors are restricted to certain areas only.


The religious carvings are, in reality, what draw many to this mine - as much for their amazing verisimilitude as for their Christian aesthetics. The above shows Jesus appearing to the apostles after the crucifixion. He shows the doubter, Saint Thomas, the wounds on his wrists.


Another remarkable carving, this time a take on The Last Supper. The work and patience that must have gone into the creation of these sculptures is extraordinary. One wonders what the miners would have thought of their work going on general display? They came to be quite used to it, in fact, even during the mine's busiest period in the nineteenth century. The cream of Europe 's thinkers visited the site - you can still see many of their names in the old visitor's books on display.




These reliefs are perhaps among some of the most iconographic works of Christian folk art in the world and really do deserve to be shown. It comes as little surprise to learn that the mine was placed on the original list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites back in 1978.



Not all of the work is relief-based. There are many life-sized statues that must have taken a considerable amount of time - months, perhaps even years - to create. Within the confines of the mine there is also much to be learned about the miners from the machinery and tools that they used - many of which are on display and are centuries old. A catastrophic flood in 1992 dealt the last blow to commercial salt mining in the area and now the mine functions purely as a tourist attraction. Brine is, however, still extracted from the mine - and then evaporated to produce some salt, but hardly on the ancient scale. If this was not done, then the mines would soon become flooded once again. It would be a sin to lose these exquisite works to flooding; and, I am thrilled that they are being preserved.



Not all of the statues have a religious or symbolic imagery attached to them. The miners had a sense of humor, after all! Here can be seen their own take on the legend of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. The intricately carved dwarves must have seemed to some of the miners a kind of ironic depiction of their own work.


The miners even threw in a dragon for good measure! Certainly, they may have whistled while they did it but the conditions in the salt mine were far from comfortable and the hours were long - the fact that it was subterranean could hardly have added to the excitement of going to work each morning.



To cap it all there is even an underground lake, lit by subdued electricity and candles. This is perhaps where the old legends of lakes to the underworld and Catholic imagery of the saints work together to best leave a lasting impression of the mine. How different a few minutes reflection here must have been to the noise and sweat of everyday working life in the mine.

Lest we forget all these creations were made from plain old salt.